To whom does Finnish Lapland belong: to the Sámi people of the current Sámi Homeland, to the inhabitants of Northern Finland who are of Sámi descent, or to both? This is a multidimensional question with roots that reach far back into history. I’m not attempting to provide an exhaustive answer; rather, I will highlight a perspective that has been overlooked every time this matter has been discussed on a national level.
My perspective relates to a dispute concerning inheritance and ownership regarding the Haukiniemi estate in Kuusamo during 1737-1741. Kaisa Korpijaakko described it in her 1989 dissertation, which was meritorious in many respects, but which also lost a very important genealogical detail. If that detail had been mentioned, it would have steered the discussion ”Who can rightfully identify as Sámi?” down a different path than the one it’s currently taking.
Before I get into that, I would like to mention a few points regarding methodology. Family research is, in fact, a form of microhistorical research, and its methods must align with those followed in general historical research. However, a genealogist also benefits greatly from having knowledge of general and local histories, sociology and law. The same applies in reverse: a cross-disciplinary researcher benefits from being familiar with genealogy.
When cross-disciplinary dissertations merge history, genealogy and legal history, the challenge is to avoid confusing individuals who share the same name and belong to the same family. Thus it is a classic methodological pitfall, which can invalidate entire arguments. Not only genealogists but also scholars run often into specific traps, because names and identities are treated differently in different records.
Why cross-disciplinary research can fail on namesakes? There’s at least three answers to it.
1. Genealogists deal with naming traditions, such as papponomy, which means naming a child after a grand parent. Without strict chronological checks, researchers easily merge a father and son or two cousins into a single long lived person, or split one person into two.
2. Historians focus on broader narratives looking at political, social or economic trends and may rely on secondary genealogical charts without verifying primary vital records. If a prominent family name appears in two different decades, a historian might assume continuous influence by one individual rather than a generational handoff.
3. The focus of juristics lays on titles and property. Legal records, such as will deeds, court rolls and charters, frequently identify individuals by their land holdings, offices or patronymics rather than birth dates. A legal historian might misattribute a lawsuit, inheritance, dispute or legistlative act to an ancestor when it actually belonged to a younger namesake who inherited the same position or title or estate.
Common methodological consequences of such failures.
Anachronistic timelines; i.e. attributing legal actions, marriages or political offices to someone who was either an infant or already deceased at the time.
Flawed legal precedents; i.e. misinterpreting property transfers or inheritance laws, because the researcher failed to realize an estate passed between two identically named relatives rather than remaining with the owner.
Distorted prosopography; i.e. collective biographies become skewed when the achievements, wealth or criminal records of multiple relatives are pooled under a singel profile.
Safeguards against conflation.
Cross-referencing overlapping records; i.e. checking weather two records of the same name appear in different jurisdictions on the same date, which proves two distinct individuals existed simultaneously.
Tracking witnesses and associates; i.e. using social network analysis in legal documents to see if the people surrounding the namesake shift from an older generation to a younger one.
Distinguishing titles and descriptors; i.e. paying close attention to subtle shifts in Latin or vernacular legal terms, such as senior, junior, miles, armiger, or changes in territorial designations that signal a generational change.
An example of what I wrote above.
Kaisa Korpijaakko’s landmark 1989 legal-historical dissertation, Saamelaisten oikeusasema Suomessa – On the Legal Status of the Sámi in Sweden-Finland, has a chapter about the 1737‒1741 Haukiniemi farm dispute in Kuusamo. Though it’s length is only twelve pages, it serves as a central case study regarding Sámi land rights, Crown ownership and settlement.
A deeper examination of the families mentioned in that chapter would have been desirable, since Korpijaakko’s research has led later scholars - who haven’t delved into the sources of their sources - to conflate two relatives who shared the same name and lived during the same period. And the work of some of these subsequent researchers has turned into historiographical distortion.
Sigfrid Gustafsson Granroth (1683‒1771) was the long-serving bailiff (nämndeman) and parish clerk of Kuusamo. He dwelt in the village of Poussu. Court records and later historians easily defaulted to him whenever the name Sigfrid Granroth appeared in official disputes, due to his prominent public office,
Sigfrid Sigfridsson Granroth senior (1709‒1777) was the bailiff’s son, working as quartermaster, merchant and a farmer. As local historian and genealogist Seppo Ervasti demonstrated in his 1978 book Kuusamon historia I, it was this younger Sigfrid Granroth, not his father the bailiff, who acted in his own financial and property interests in the Haukiniemi farm acquisition.
A third contemporary Sigfrid Granroth was Sigfrid Sigfridsson Granroth junior (1734‒1769), son of the above mentioned quartermaster-merchant-farmer.
Why does this matter? As a genealogist, local historian and sociologist I can give at least three answers.
1. Misattribution. I.e. when any legal historian confuses between the land dealings of a merchant son and his father, the local bailiff, it fundamentally alters the legal and ethical framing of the case. And it makes the Haukiniemi dispute look like direct abuse of public office by the bailiff, rather than a private transaction by a separate family member.
2. Cascade effect; i.e. other legal historians and even fictional writers may take the text written by the first one as granted, which reinforces the construction of a flawed narrative.
3. Ethical duty to historical individuals. I.e. history and legal history do not deal with abstract legal fictions but with real people whose reputations survive in historical records. Bypassing established local genealogical work in favor of purely macro-level legal analysis has caused misunderstandings which permanently blemish the good name of an honest man Sigfrid Gustafsson Granroth. If he could file a lawsuit for defamation, I think he probably would.
3. Implications extending to the present day. This is the irony: there are thousands of people in Finland and elsewhere in the world who are Sigfrid Gustafsson Granroth’s (1683‒1771) descendants, even some who are Sámi of the current Sámi Homeland, and many of who identify themselves as Forest Sámi. So a small, overlooked detail ‒ which should have been examined carefully ‒ has turned against those whose rights were intended to be defended.
Conclusions.
This case highlights a recurring blind spot in academic jurisprudence, which is treating local genealogy as a secondary or hobbyist discipline rather than an essential primary-source verification tool. Had the prosopographical work of Seppo Ervasti been integrated into legal-historical analyses, the distinction between the bailiff’s official duties and his son’s private mercantile interests would have been clear from the outset.
What comes to the descendants of Sigfrid Sigfridsson Granroth senior (1709‒1777), they are not to blame for injustices that their ancestor was involved in or which he caused. Finland was in the 18th century the Eastern Province of Sweden, and the sovereign had the highest authority on all legal matters over the kingdom.
We tend to judge historical events from the point of view of our own legal and moral preferences. One could say: ”If King Frederick I was a righteous man, he would’ve resolved the question regarding the inheritance rights to the Haukiniemi estate in favor of Johan Junga’s descendants. But that too is anachronism, since the thing Frederick I in his pragmatism cared about most was the best tax revenue to the Swedish Crown.
I see no reason to dispute the status of Kaisa Korpijaakko’s doctoral dissertation as a landmark in Nordic legal history and as a contribution in support of the Sámi land rights. On the contrary, my opinion is that the inhabitants of any land and their offspring - if there still is a lineage between the first nations and the current ones - have the strongest claim to their land. Injustice was done when these rights were overruled, and justice can be restored by aknowledging those rights. Yet those who take up that task need to be careful not to create unfairly treated minorities within minorities.
I recognize that Korpijaakko’s omission of Ervasti’s 1978 genealogical research has lead to subsequent scholars, writers, media and public discussion citing bailiff Sigfrid Gustafsson Granroth as the self-serving actor in the 1741 appeal to King Frederick I. As being one of Sigfrid Gustafsson Granroth's offspring and also a descendant of the 17th century Sámi people of Kuusamo I find the above mentioned cascade effect very unfortunate.